{"id":1467,"date":"2021-06-16T11:00:43","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T15:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deeds.com\/articles\/?p=1467"},"modified":"2024-04-25T23:20:00","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T03:20:00","slug":"extraterrestrial-real-estate-is-a-lunar-deed-legit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deeds.com\/articles\/extraterrestrial-real-estate-is-a-lunar-deed-legit\/","title":{"rendered":"Extraterrestrial Real Estate: Is a Lunar Deed Legit?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Image<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

If a company says it\u2019s selling land on the moon, should we\nbelieve it? What about the planets? Is Martian land for sale? Is Venus\navailable? Here’s the story so far. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Celestial Entrepreneurs, Then and Now  <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1949, an ambitious soul by the name of James Mangan recorded a claim to all of outer space, and registered it with the Cook County, Illinois Recorder of Deeds. Not without drama, as Vice <\/em>reports:
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…Mangan made sure that he was followed by television crews and reporters from LIFE magazine when he went to present the \u201cCharter of Celestia\u201d to the Cook County Recorder of Deeds. The Recorder, in true Cook County fashion, told Mangan that he couldn\u2019t record this, and ruined Mangan\u2019s big moment.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

After\nMangan went to the Illinois Attorney General and managed to get a statement\nthat the charter was recordable, Mangan finally got it recorded. Mangan also set\nout to sell Earth-sized \u201clots\u201d of space for a dollar each, with the stated hope\nthat wars would stop once people acknowledged we all share a planet in a vast\ncosmos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several more space empresarios would follow. One of the most diligent was Dennis Hope, who still sells \u201cthe cheapest real estate in the universe\u201d through an entity called Lunar Embassy. Buyers of moon acreage get a deed, a map, and a copy of the Codes, Covenants & Restrictions for their lunar land. (See an image of the lunar real estate documents here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dennis Hope\u2019s company is its own register of deeds. Hope even claimed to establish a government, to ground the Lunar Embassy in international law. If that seems absurd to you, hold on. More sophisticated exploits will play out in the not-too-distant future. Other-worldly real estate matters will begin to attract serious attention as billionaires create a commercial space flight industry<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Looking for the Law of Space<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

To\nget a handle on extraterrestrial real estate matters, we first look for law.\nAnd so far, there\u2019s not much of it. Celestial settlers have yet to go to court\nover property disputes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But\nwe do have a starting point. Let\u2019s look at international law. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1967: The Outer\nSpace Treaty<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies<\/em> (the \u201cOuter Space Treaty<\/a>\u201d) was negotiated by the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain. The parties intended to outlaw the testing of nuclear weapons in space. They also declared that extraterrestrial scientific discoveries would belong to all of humankind. The treaty, overseen by the United Nations, says outer space is not subject to national appropriation.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it doesn\u2019t explicitly rule out private ownership. The\nOuter Space Treaty was understood as a sort of speed bump, slowing the arms\nrace. It wasn\u2019t regarded as a stance on corporate ambitions, or on the making\nof celestial real estate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1979: The Moon\nAgreement<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Some U.N. member nations proposed\nto strengthen the Outer Space Treaty with the new Agreement Governing the\nActivities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies<\/em> (the \u201cMoon Agreement<\/a>\u201d). The agreement regards the moon as\nthe \u201ccommon heritage of mankind.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can a common heritage be subject to proprietary projects? Countries with the ability to reach the moon must think so. Several countries, the United States included, intend to establish moon bases. In 2020, NASA headed a controversial international agreement<\/a> called the Artemis Accords. The document explicitly allows for commercial mining of extraterrestrial land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To the Moon!\nCompanies Gear Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

London-based Foster + Partners conceptualized 3D printing techniques for the construction of lunar housing. What prompted this idea? The European Space Administration announced plans to create an international lunar village by the 2030s. Foster + Partners proposed taking moon surface material to produce the hard exteriors of lunar building structures<\/a>. Inside would be inflatable rooms designed for human comfort. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u261b <\/em><\/strong>The application of 3D printing techniques to\nhousing construction is already a happening thing.<\/em><\/strong> Here is a look at the use of 3D\nprinter tech for housing<\/a> right here on Earth.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among a slew of other corporations with lunar ambitions is the Japanese car company Toyota. The JAXA company is collaborating with Toyota to produce fuel-cell-powered Lunar Cruisers<\/a> (named after the Toyota Land Cruiser SUV) for ground transportation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But\nperhaps the most prominent company, and the one that has captured many people\u2019s\nimagination, is Elon Musk\u2019s SpaceX company. SpaceX is developing Starlink,\nan outer-space\nreception system intended to supply internet to everyone, in every nook and\ncranny on Earth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company also envisions setting up a lunar base under the Artemis Accords. \u201cWe need,\u201d in Elon Musk\u2019s words, a \u201cpermanent base on the moon<\/a> \u2014 again, like a big permanently occupied base on the moon. And then build a city on Mars to become a spacefaring civilization, a multiplanet species.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sounds like the making of real estate, whether or not there\nare laws on the Moon and Mars to address this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Legal Crisis Looming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Five years ago, Jackson Landers<\/a>, writing for the Smithsonian Magazine, <\/em>pointed to an article<\/a> by a team of writers including astrophysicist Martin Elvis. The writers urged policy makers to revisit the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and start developing some kind of lunar real estate law that deals with today\u2019s realities. A big issue, they wrote, is that setting up bases for science and industry could constitute a \u201cland grab\u201d in defiance of international agreements. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the moon, high spots close to the poles receive sunlight most of the time. So that\u2019s a key potential power source for industrial actors. Here\u2019s what writers Martin Elvis, Tony Milligan, and Alanna Krolikowski said about the way these high-value areas could be appropriated, giving certain countries advantages over others. <\/p>\n\n\n\n


\nUnder Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, the moon and other celestial\nbodies are \u201cnot subject to national appropriation\u2026by means of use or\noccupation, or by any other means.\u201d Under Article XII, anyone who establishes a\nbase has to let other nations visit; the land cannot be exclusive, so it\u2019s\ncan\u2019t be real estate. But the visit should not disrupt \u201cnormal operations\u201d of\nthe party being visited. And that could be a loophole that allows the posting\nof a keep-out sign. If actors of one nationality make a credible claim to need\ncontinual light and energy for the activity being carried out, they could use\nthat claim to set up exclusive lunar territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, humans seem to be approaching something like the\nscenario these authors imagined. So\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We won\u2019t be surprised if courses like Celestial Real Estate\nand Moon Law are offered by schools any day now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matt Williams for Phys.Org\u2019s Universe Today<\/em>: Can You Buy Land on the Moon<\/a>? (Oct. 7, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lakeside Title: Are People Buying Real Estate on the Moon? Here\u2019s What You Need to Know<\/a> (Aug. 28, 2020). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben Richmond for Motherboard\/Vice<\/em>: The Outer Space Country That the United Nations Ignored<\/a> (Apr. 15, 2013). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson Landers for Smithsonian Magazine<\/em>: Can There Be Real Estate on the Moon<\/a>? (Jul. 13, 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cristian van Eijk, V\u00f6lkerrechtsblog<\/em>: Sorry, Elon: Mars Is Not a Legal Vacuum \u2013 And It\u2019s Not Yours, Either (Nov. 5, 2020; doi: 10.17176\/20210107-183703-0<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Photo credits: Kindel Media<\/a> and SpaceX<\/a>, via Unsplash. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If a company says it\u2019s selling land on the moon, should we believe it? What about the planets? Is Martian land for sale? Is Venus available? Here’s the story so far. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general"],"yoast_head":"\nExtraterrestrial Real Estate: Is a Lunar Deed Legit? - Deeds.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"If a company says it\u2019s selling land on the moon, should we believe it? What about the planets? Is Martian land for sale? Is Venus available? 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